Transcript

• 1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe
  
• 2. What is absolutism?
  Period of time when Europe’s monarchs got stronger
  Monarchs ruled with absolute power
  Divine Right Theory
  Idea that God had chosen the monarch to rule
  Everyone believes the theory during this period
  If you question the king, you question God
  
• 3. Europe During the Age of Absolutism
  
• 4. Strengths of Absolute Monarchies
  Efficiency
  Decisions are made by one person
  Nationalism
  Promoted a common culture and identity
  Stability
  The ruler stays in power until death
  Wealth
  No resistance means a large and powerful empire
  
• 5. Weaknesses of Absolute Monarchies
  Undemocratic
  No collaboration of ideas
  Individual rights
  Often violated
  Stability
  If the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for decades
  
• 6. How to achieve more power?
  Monarchs gained power generally in one of two ways:
  Raising taxes
  Increased their overall wealth and treasuries
  Waging war
  Victory often led to riches
  
• 7. Absolute Monarchy-Spain
  Phillip II (reign: 1554-1598)
  Fought to protect and expand Catholicism
  Took control of Portugal when its king died without an heir
  Created an army of about 50K soldiers
  
• 8. Spain’s Golden Age
  1600-1700s
  El Greco
  Expressed the deep Catholic faith in Spain
  Diego Velazquez
  Reflected pride in the Spanish monarchy
  Miguel de Cervantes
  Wrote Don Quixote
  
• 9. El Greco
  
• 10. Velazquez
  
• 11. Don Quixote
  
• 12. The Fall of the Spanish Empire
  Inflation and Taxes
  Spain suffered from a severe economic decline
  Wars cost Spain too much money
  Had to declared bankruptcy
  
• 13. Absolute Monarchy in France
  Religious Wars and Power Struggles
  Henry of Navarre-converted to Catholicism
  Survived the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (of Huguenots)
  Edict of Nantes (1598)
  Henry’s declaration of religious toleration
  Allowed Catholics and Huguenots to live in peace
  Louis XIII and Richelieu
  After Henry died, his son took over
  Louis XIII
  Henry of Navarre
  
• 14. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
  Louis XIII was a weak King
  Had an extremely powerful minister for support-Cardinal Richelieu
  Richelieu took two major steps towards power
  Moved against the Huguenots and all Protestants
  Weakened the Nobles power and relied on the middle class instead
  
• 15. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
  
• 16. Louis XIV Comes to Power
  Louis XIV, the Boy King (1643)
  Was not the true leader until 1661
  Cardinal Marazin ran the country
  Louis Weakens the Noble’s Authority
  Excluded the Nobles from his council
  Economic Growth
  Minister of Finance-Jean Baptiste Colbert
  Gave tax benefits to companies
  Believer in mercantilism and self-sufficiency
  
• 17. The Sun King’s Grand Style
  King Louis spent much money on his personal life (servants, food, etc.)
  Especially the Palace at Versailles
  Louis Controls the Nobility
  Forced Nobles to be at the palace
  Making them dependant on the King
  Forced them from their homes
  Patronage of the Arts
  Palace was the center of European arts
  
• 18. Louis XIV
  “The Sun King”
  
• 19. The Palace at Versailles
  
• 20. The Palace at Versailles
  Bedroom of Louis XIV
  
• 21. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
  Attempts to Expand Boundaries
  France had four times the population than England by 1660
  Gained territory in the Netherlands through warfare
  A European alliance helped to stop French aggression and expansion
  Wars cost France a tremendous amount of money
  
• 22. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
  Fought over the possible unification of Spain and France under one monarch
  France and Spain vs. England, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Netherlands
  Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht
  Thrones of Spain and France remained separate
  England gained a colony and greater access to the Atlantic Slave Trade
  
• 23. War of Spanish Succession
  
• 24. Death of Louis XIV and Legacy
  Louis died in 1715
  Positive Legacy
  France much more powerful
  At the top of art, literature
  Military leader of Europe
  Negative Legacy
  Constant warfare and construction
  Deep debt
  Unfair tax system
  
• 25. Central Monarchs Clash
  The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
  Fought between Protestants (Hapsburgs) and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire
  Naval warfare expanded its destruction
  Helped to shape colonial formation of future nations
  First 12 years, Protestants are successful
  Next 18 years, Catholics eventually gain the advantage
  
• 26. Hapsburg Crest – Dual Headed Eagle
  Spain
  Austria
  
• 27. The Thirty Years’ War
  
• 28.
• 29. The Peace of Westphalia
  Ends the Thirty Years’ War
  Hapsburgs of Spain and Austria weakened
  France was strengthened
  Religious wars in Europe ended
  German princes were independent of HRE
  Peace negotiation to end war started
  Beginning of Modern States
  Ended the idea of a Catholic empire
  
• 30. States Form in Central Europe
  Economic Contrasts with the West
  Serfdom still strong in eastern Europe
  Weak Empires
  Ottoman Empire
  Holy Roman Empire
  The rise of Austria and Prussia
  Due to the end of the Holy Roman Empire
  
• 31. States Form in Eastern Europe (cont)
  Austria Grows Stronger
  Gains Hungary and Bohemia
  Wiped out Protestantism
  Maria Theresa Inherits the Throne
  Fought constantly with Prussia
  Limited the labor that nobles could force peasants to do
  
• 32. Prussia Challenges Austria
  The Rise of Prussia
  Became a rigidly controlled, highly militarized society
  Controlled by the King and the Junker class – landowning nobles
  Frederick the Great
  Very practical leader – ruler as father
  Atheist- established religious toleration
  Very aggressive in foreign affairs
  
• 33. Frederick the Great
  
• 34. Prussia Challenges Austria (cont)
  War of Austrian Succession
  War between Prussia and Austria (1740)
  Fought for control of Silesia (iron, textiles)
  France helped Prussia, England and Austria
  Prussia wins in 1748, becoming a major European power
  
• 35. The Seven Years’ War
  Austria, France, Russia vs. Prussia and Britain
  1756 – Frederick attacked and Austrian ally, beginning the war
  War did not change European territory
  France lost all colonies in North America and India to Britain
  
• 36. Russian History
  Russia Contrasts with Europe
  Economically
  Still heavily reliant on serfdom
  Socially
  Mongols kept Russia isolated from Renaissance and Age of Exploration
  Geographically
  Ports froze during winter
  Size of Russia was a problem
  Religious differences
  Europe: Catholic or Protestant
  Russia: Orthodox
  
• 37. The Absolute Rulers of Russia
  The First Czar
  Ivan IV (“The Terrible”)
  became czar (caesar) in 1533
  Took control over the nobles
  Rule by Terror
  Police force organized to track down and murder “traitors” to Ivan
  Killed many nobles (boyars) and gave the land to new, more loyal nobles
  
• 38. Ivan IV
  
• 39. The Absolute Rulers of Russia (cont)
  Rise of the Romanovs
  After Ivan IV’s death (1584), there was a power vacuum
  “Time of Troubles” – nobles struggling for power
  1613 Michael Romanov was chosen as the next czar
  Romanov Dynasty 1613-1917
  
• 40. Peter the Great Comes to Power1689-1725
  Peter visits the West
  Wanted to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques
  
• 41. Peter the Great
  
• 42. Peter Rules Absolutely
  Peter’s Reforms
  Russian Orthodox Church under state control
  Reduced the power of landowners
  Hired European military officers
  Westernizing Russia
  Introduced potatoes
  Women’s status increased
  Nobles had to give up traditional dress
  Advanced education
  
• 43. Peter Rules Absolutely
  Establishing St. Petersburg
  Wanted to establish a seaport
  Make it easier to get to Europe
  Warm water port – would not freeze in winter
  Built on a swamp
  25-100K people died to build the city
  Became a very important port city
  
• 44. St. Petersburg
  The Cathedral of the Spilled Blood
  
• 45. Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
  Monarchs Defy Parliament
  King James’s Problems
  Offended Puritan members of Parliament
  Fought over money
  King Charles I Fights Parliament
  Wanted money, Parliament refused each time – he dissolved Parliament
  Parliament forced him to sign the Petition of Right – took power from King
  He did, but then just ignored it
  
• 46. King James and Charles I
  
• 47. English Civil War
  War Topples a King
  Parliament tried to limit the powers of King Charles I – starts a war instead
  English Civil War (1642-1649)
  Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. Roundheads
  Puritan Roundheads won
  Tried, convicted and executed Charles I
  Never had a monarch been tried and executed
  
• 48. English Civil War (cont)
  Oliver Cromwell’s Rule
  General during the war who now led the country
  Established a republican government
  Had to squash a rebellion in Ireland
  Puritan Morality
  Sought to reform society
  Abolish sinful activities – sports, theater
  Religious toleration for all except Catholics
  Cromwell ruled until death, gov’t collapsed
  
• 49. Oliver Cromwell
  
• 50. Restoration and Revolution
  Charles II Reigns
  Restored the Monarchy of England
  Reformed the legal system
  James II and the Glorious Revolution
  King James offended many b/c of his Catholicism
  Parliament worried of a Catholic line of Kings
  James’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William were asked by Parliament to overthrow James
  William invaded, and James fled – Bloodless Revolution known as the Glorious Revolution
  
• 51. King Charles II and King James II
  
• 52. William and Mary
  
• 53. Limits on Monarch’s Power
  Bill of Rights
  William and Mary established a constitutional monarchy
  Limits on royal power increased
  Establishment of the English Bill of Rights
  Cabinet System Develops
  Became the link between the King and Parliament - advisors to the King
  Leader of the majority party heads the cabinet – Prime Minister
  
• 54. English Bill of Rights
  Ruler cannot:
  Suspend Parliament’s laws
  Levy taxes without permission
  Interfere with freedom of speech
  Penalize a citizen who criticizes the King
  
• 55. END